Encodes VAD1 (Vascular Associated Death1), a regulator of cell death and defense responses in vascular tissues. VAD1 is a putative membrane associated protein and contains a GRAM domain. vad1 is a lesion mimic mutant that exhibits light conditional appearance of propagative HR (hypersensitive response)-like lesions along the vascular system.
NIMIN1 modulates PR gene expression according the following model: NPR1 forms a ternary complex with NIMIN1 and TGA factors upon SAR induction that binds to a positive regulatory cis-element of the PR-1 promoter, termed LS7. This leads to PR-1 gene induction. NIMIN1 decreases transcriptional activation, possibly through its EAR motif, which results in fine-tuning of PR-1 gene expression.
Encodes a cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase CSD1 that can detoxify superoxide radicals. Its expression is affected by miR398-directed mRNA cleavage. Regulated by biotic and abiotic stress.
Encodes CHLOROPLAST RNA BINDING (CRB), a putative RNA-binding protein. CRB is important for the proper functioning of the chloroplast. Mutations in CRB also affects the circadian system, altering the expression of both oscillator and output genes.
Encodes AtNFXL1, a homologue of the putative human transcription repressor NF-X1. Functions as a negative regulator of the trichothecene phytotoxin-induced defense response.
Encodes molybdenum cofactor sulfurase. Involved in Moco biosynthesis. Involved in the conversion of ABA-aldehyde to ABA, the last step of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. sir loss-of-function mutants are resistant to sirtinol, a modulator of auxin signaling.N terminal domain is similar to bacterial NifS suggesting a common mechanism for sulphur mobilization and transfer.
MAP kinase kinase7. Member of plant mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase group D. Negative regulator of polar auxin transport. Overexpression leads to activation of basal and systemic acquired resistance.
JAZ1 is a nuclear-localized protein involved in jasmonate signaling. JAZ1 transcript levels rise in response to a jasmonate stimulus. JAZ1 can interact with the COI1 F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase in a yeast-two-hybrid assay only in the presence of jasmonate-isoleucine (JA-ILE) or coronatine. Application of jasmonate methyl ester to Arabidopsis roots reduces the levels of a JAZ1:GUS fusion protein, presumably by stimulating ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation. The Jas domain appears to be important for JAZ1-COI1 interactions in the presence of coronatine. Two positive residues (R205 and R206) in the Jas domain shown to be important for coronatine -dependent COI1 binding are not required for binding AtMYC2.
FMO1 is required for full expression of TIR-NB-LRR–conditioned resistance to avirulent pathogens and for basal resistance to invasive virulent pathogens. Functions in an EDS1-regulated but SA-independent mechanism that promotes resistance and cell death at pathogen infection sites.
Encodes a leaf-type ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase. It is present in both chloroplast stroma and thylakoid membranes but is more abundant in the stroma
Encodes a nuclear plant-specific protein with features characteristic of a transcriptional regulator, including a nuclear localization signal sequence, a plant-specific DNA binding domain (the SBP box), and a protein interaction motif (ankyrin repeats). It unctions as a transcriptional regulator that plays a role not only in sensitivity to FB1, but also in the development of normal plant architecture.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2. Involved in programmed cell death triggered as a response to pseudomonas syringae infection. Loss of function mutants are more resistant to infection.
Encodes a histidine kinases, a cytokinin receptor that controls cytokinin-mediated leaf longevity through a specific phosphorylation of the response regulator, ARR2.
Has single homolog in Arabidopsis, also homologs in human, mouse and C. elegans; contains one G-patch domain (known to mediate RNA-protein interactions) and two KOW domains (may bind RNA and/or protein); localized to the nucleus; mutant suppresses high SA levels and constitutive disease resistance in snc1 npr1 background; required for basal resistance against Pseudomonas syringae maculicola ES4326 and R gene-mediated resistance specified by RPM1, PPS4 and RPP4;
Encodes GRIM REAPER (GRI), involved in the regulation of cell death induced by extracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species). Secreted into the extracellular space.
F:malate dehydrogenase activity;P:response to cadmium ion, response to salt stress, response to cold, defense response to bacterium, peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation;C:mitochondrion, cell wall, chloroplast;BOMPFA
Encodes a lipase, has in vitro lipase activity with p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl butyrate, gene expression induced by hormones, negatively regulates auxin signaling, involved in disease resistance
ATP binding cassette transporter. Localized to the plasma membrane in uninfected cells. In infected leaves, the protein concentrated at infection sites. Contributes to nonhost resistance to inappropriate pathogens that enter by direct penetration in a salicylic acid–dependent manner. Required for mlo resistance. Has Cd transporter activity (Cd2+ extrusion pump) and contributes to heavy metal resistance.
Similar to prokaryote sensory transduction proteins. Contains a histidine kinase and a response regulator domain. Homodimer. Membrane component. Binds ethylene. Mutations affect ethylene binding and metabolism of other plant hormones such as auxin, cytokinins, ABA and gibberellic acid. Ethylene receptor. Has histidine kinase activity. Is regulated by RTE1.
Encodes a plasmodesmal protein that may be involved in the intercellular movement of molecules through the plasmodesmata. The protein has two DUF26 domains and a single transmembrane domain.
Encodes a protein with isochorismate synthase activity. Mutants fail to accumulate salicylic acid. Its function may be redundant with that of ICS2 (AT1G18870).
Encodes HopW1-1-Interacting protein 1 (WIN1). Interacts with the P. syringae effector HopW1-1. WIN1 is a putative acetylornithine transaminase. Modulates plant defenses against bacteria. Three WIN proteins are identified so far (WIN1: AT1G80600; WIN2: AT4G31750; WIN3: AT5G13320).
Pathogen-induced transcription factor. Binds W-box sequences in vitro. Forms protein complexes with itself and with WRKY40 and WRKY60. Coexpression with WRKY18 or WRKY60 made plants more susceptible to both P. syringae and B. cinerea. WRKY18, WRKY40, and WRKY60 have partially redundant roles in response to the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, with WRKY18 playing a more important role than the other two.
Encodes a microRNA that targets both CSD and CytC oxidase family members. MicroRNAs are regulatory RNAs with a mature length of ~21-nucleotides that are processed from hairpin precursors by Dicer-like enzymes. MicroRNAs can negatively regulate gene expression by attenuating translation or by directing mRNA cleavage.Mature sequence: UGUGUUCUCAGGUCACCCCUU. Down-regulated by biotic and abiotic stress.
** Referred to as MIPS1 in Mitsuhashi et al 2008. Myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase isoform 2. Expressed in leaf, root and silique. Immunolocaliazation experiments with an antibody recognizing MIPS1, MIPS2, and MIPS3 showed endosperm localization.
Encodes a cytochrome P450. Involved in tryptophan metabolism. Converts Trp to indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), a precursor to IAA and indole glucosinolates.
NRAMP3 (NATURAL RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN 3)
Encodes a member of the Nramp2 metal transporter family; like its homolog Atnramp4, localized in vacuolar membrane. Seedlings of double mutant, atnramp3-1 atnramp4-1, were arrested at early germination.
Pathogen-induced transcription factor. Forms protein complexes with itself and with WRKY40. Coexpression with WRKY18 or WRKY40 made plants more susceptible to both P. syringae and B. cinerea. WRKY18, WRKY40, and WRKY60 have partially redundant roles in response to the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, with WRKY18 playing a more important role than the other two.
Encodes a MYB-domain protein involved in specification of the leaf proximodistal axis. Mutation results in lobed and dissected leaves with a characteristic asymmetry. Homologous to the Antirrhinum PHANTASTICA (PHAN) and maize ROUGH SHEATH2 (RS2) genes Asymmetric placement of auxin response at the distal leaf tip precedes visible asymmetric leaf growth. Acts alongside AXR1 to exclude BP expression in leaves and with PIN1 to repress BP and promote lateral organ growth. Interacts physically with AS2 to form a complex that binds to the BP promoter and silences BP.
Member of the plant WRKY transcription factor family. Regulates the antagonistic relationship between defense pathways mediating responses to P. syringae and necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Located in nucleus. Involved in response to various abiotic stresses - especially salt stress.
Rubisco activase, a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein that consists of two isoforms arising from alternative splicing in most plants. Required for the light activation of rubisco.
Encodes a GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase/ mannose-1-pyrophosphatase. This enzyme provides GDP-mannose, which is used for cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis and protein glycosylation as well as for ascorbate (vitamin C) biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene confer hypersensitivity to NH4+.
Encodes a protein containing Leu-rich repeats and a degenerate F-box motif. Associates with AtCUL1, AtRbx1, and the Skp1-like proteins ASK1 and ASK2 to assemble SCF COI1 ubiquitin-ligase complexes in planta. A single amino acid substitution in the F-box motif of COI1 abolishes the formation of the SCF(COI1) complexes and results in loss of the JA response. Required for wound- and jasmonates-induced transcriptional regulation.
Encodes a stearoyl-ACP desaturase, involved in fatty acid desaturation. The ssi2 mutants have increased 18:0 and reduced 18:1 fatty acids. Exogenous application of glycerol to wild type plants mimics the ssi2 mutant phenotype. The altered 18:1 fatty acid content in the ssi2 mutants has an impact on SA- and JA-mediated defense signaling.
Encodes a MAP kinase induced by pathogens, ethylene biosynthesis, oxidative stress and osmotic stress.Also involved in ovule development. Homozygous mutants in a MPK3 heterozygous background are female sterile due to defects in integument development.
Encodes a glycosyl hydrolase that localizes to peroxisomes and acts as a component of an inducible preinvasion resistance mechanism. Required for mlo resistance.
Encodes a protein similar to ATP-dependent, chromatin-remodeling proteins of the ISWI and SWI2/SNF2 family. Genetic analyses suggest that this gene is involved in multiple flowering pathways. Mutations in PIE1 results in suppression of FLC-mediated delay of flowering and causes early flowering in noninductive photoperiods independently of FLC. PIE1 is required for expression of FLC in the shoot apex but not in the root.Along with ARP6 forms a complex to deposit modified histone H2A.Z at several loci within the genome. This modification alters the expression of the target genes (i.e. FLC, MAF4, MAF6).
A semidominant QTL which has an epistatic effect on the Epithiospecifier gene. Represses nitrile formation and favors isothiocyanate production during glucosinolate hydrolysis. The functional allele deters the insect herbivory T. ni.
Encodes a protein homologous to translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) from Drosophila. In flies, TCTP functions guanine nucleotide exchange factor in the TOR signaling pathway. TCTP is expressed throughout the plant with highest levels seen in meristematic regions of the shoot and root. Loss of function alleles are not transmitted through the male gametophyte due to defects in pollen tube growth. Hypomorphs, generated through RNAi, are dwarf and have smaller cells. These plants also have defects in lateral and primary root growth as well as root hair growth. The phenotypes are similar to TOR mutants suggesting that TCTP functions in the is pathway in Arabidopsis as well.
Encodes MOS4 (Modifier of snc1, 4), a nuclear protein homologous to human Breast Cancer-Amplified Sequence (BCAS2). MOS4 interacts with AtCDC5 and PRL1. All three proteins are essential for plant innate immunity.
gamma tonoplast intrinsic protein 2 (TIP2). expressed throughout the plant and transcript level is increased upon NaCl or ABA treatments. NaCl stress-sensitive yeast mutant strains exhibit more resistance to salt when expressing this protein.
Encodes NAD(P)H:quinone reductase which is an FMN binding protein that catalyzes the reduction of quinone substrates to hydroquinones.The enzyme activity was confirmed by in vitro assay.
AtMIN7 is an immunity associated Arabidopsis protein targeted by HopM1, a conserved Pseudomonas syringae virulence protein. AtMIN7 encodes one of the eight members of the Arabidopsis adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation factor (ARF) guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) protein family. The AFR GEF proteins are key components of the vesicle trafficking system in eukaryotic cells. HopM1 mediates the destruction of AtMIN7 via the host proteasome.
Class III peroxidase Perx33. Expressed in roots. Located in the cell wall. Involved in cell elongation. Expression activated by light. May play a role in generating H2O2 during defense response.
Class III peroxidase Perx34. Expressed in roots, leaves and stems. Located in the cell wall. Involved in cell elongation. Expression activated by light. May play a role in generating H2O2 during defense response.
Catalyzes the conversion of indole-3-glycerolphosphate to indole, the penultimate reaction in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. Functions as a heterocomplex with tryptophan synthase beta subunit (TSA2).
Encodes the chloroplast enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase), involved in the carbon reduction of the Calvin cycle. Increase in SBPase activity in transgenic lines accumulate up to 50% more sucrose and starch than wild-type.
member of WRKY Transcription Factor; Group III. Function as activator of SA-dependent defense genes and a repressor of JA-regulated genes. WRKY70-controlled suppression of JA-signaling is partly executed by NPR1.
nuclear-encoded chloroplast stromal cyclophilin CYP20-3 (also known as ROC4). Protein is tyrosine-phosphorylated and its phosphorylation state is modulated in response to ABA in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds.
Encodes glutathione transferase belonging to the phi class of GSTs. Naming convention according to Wagner et al. (2002). The expression of this gene is upregulated by herbicide safeners such as benoxacor and fenclorim.
Encodes the Rieske FeS center of cytochrome b6f complex. Gene is expressed in shoot but not in root. Mutant has reduced electron transport at saturating light intensities and Q-cycle activity is hypersensitive to acidification of the thylakoid lumen.
Encodes a callose synthase that is required for wound and papillary callose formation in response to fungal pathogens Erysiphe and Blumeria. Mutants are resistant to P. parasitica and exhibit an exaggerated PR1 response.Contributes to PAMP-induced basal defense.
Mutations confer hypersensitivity to glucose and sucrose and augments sensitivity to cytokinin, ethylene, ABA and auxin. Encodes a nuclear WD40 protein that is imported into the nucleus. Essential for plant innate immunity. Interacts with MOS4 and AtCDC5. It is also predicted to have two DWD motifs. It can bind to DDB1a in Y2H assays, and DDB1b in co-IP assays, and may be involved in the formation of a CUL4-based E3 ubiquitin ligase, and may affect the stability of AKIN10.
Encodes a member of the cellulose synthase family involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Mutants have abnormal xylem formation, reduced cellulose content, and enhanced drought and osmotic stress tolerance. Mediates resistance towards bacterial pathogens via ABA. Confers resistance towards bacterial and fungal pathogens, independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonate signaling.
Encodes a Ca2+ and Cu2+ binding protein. N-terminal myristylation on glycine 2 appears to enable it to associate tightly with the plasma membrane. Recombinant PCaP1 interacts strongly with phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) and PtdIns (3,4,5)P3, and weakly with PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns(4,5). It also interacts with calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-dependent manner. CaM does not interfere with PCaP1 membrane localization but does weaken interactions between it and the PtdInsPs. PCaP1 has an apparent Kd of 10 uM for Cu2+ and can bind six ions per protein. Transcript levels for PCaP1 first fall and then rise following exposure to CuCl2. Mannitol, sorbitol, and the flg22 oligopeptide also increase expression levels.
Encodes the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase catalyzing the first, and rate-limiting, step of glutathione biosynthesis. Required for cell proliferation at the root tip. Involved in susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Mutants are phytoalexin defective.
Encodes a Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase (CRK13). Overexpression of CRK13 leads to hypersensitive response cell death, and induces defense against pathogens by causing increased accumulation of salicylic acid.
Member of MAP Kinase Kinase. Likely functions in a stress-activated MAPK pathway. Can phosphorylate the MAPK AtMPK4, in response to stress. Gets phosphorylated by MEKK1 in response to wounding.
Encodes a plasma membrane protein with leucine-rich repeat, leucine zipper, and P loop domains that confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae infection by interacting with the avirulence gene avrRpt2. RPS2 protein interacts directly with plasma membrane associated protein RIN4 and this interaction is disrupted by avrRpt2.
Encodes a novel protein involved in ascorbate biosynthesis, which was shown to catalyze the transfer of GMP from GDP-galactose to a variety of hexose-1-phosphate acceptors. Recessive mutation has a reduced amount of vitamin C, lower level of non-photochemical quenching, and reduced rate of conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin in high light.
Encodes an oxime-metabolizing enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates. Is required for phytochrome signal transduction in red light. Mutation confers auxin overproduction.
Encodes HopW1-1-Interacting protein 2 (WIN2). Interacts with the P. syringae effector HopW1-1. WIN2 has protein phosphatase activity. Modulates plant defenses against bacteria. Three WIN proteins are identified so far (WIN1: AT1G80600; WIN2: AT4G31750; WIN3: AT5G13320).
Pathogen-induced transcription factor. Binds W-box sequences in vitro. Forms protein complexes with itself and with WRKY40 and WRKY60. Constitutive expression of WRKY18 enhanced resistance to P. syringae, but its coexpression with WRKY40 or WRKY60 made plants more susceptible to both P. syringae and B. cinerea. WRKY18, WRKY40, and WRKY60 have partially redundant roles in response to the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, with WRKY18 playing a more important role than the other two.
Leu-rich receptor Serine/threonine protein kinase. Component of BR signaling that interacts with BRI1 in vitro and in vivo to form a heterodimer. Brassinolide-dependent association of BRI1 and BAK1 in vivo. Phosphorylation of both BRI1 and BAK1 on Thr residues was BR dependent. Although BAK1 and BRI1 alone localize in the plasma membrane, when BAK1 and BRI1 are coexpressed, the heterodimer BAK1/BRI1 they form is localized in the endosome.
Encodes calcium-independent ABA-activated protein kinase, a member of SNF1-related protein kinases (SnRK2) whose activity is activated by ionic (salt) and non-ionic (mannitol) osmotic stress. Mutations disrupted ABA induction of stomatal closure as well as ABA inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. However, regulation of stomatal opening/closing by light or CO(2) is not affected in these mutants. May act in the interval between ABA perception and reactive oxygen species production in the ABA signalling network.
Encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat domain containing protein that shows sequence similarity to those of transcriptional repressors in other organisms.Involved in mediating effector-triggered immunity.
Similar to cysteine proteinases, induced by desiccation but not abscisic acid. Required for RRS1-R mediated resistance against Ralstonia solanacearum. Interacts with the R. solanacearum type III effector PopP2. RD19 associates with PopP2 to form a nuclear complex that is required for activation of the RRS1-R–mediated resistance response.
Belongs to cytochrome P450 and is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Converts Trp to indo-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), a precursor to IAA and indole glucosinolates.
Involved in ethylene signal transduction. Acts downstream of CTR1. Positively regulates ORE1 and negatively regulates mir164A,B,C to regulate leaf senescence.
encodes a protein whose sequence is similar to tobacco hairpin-induced gene (HIN1) and Arabidopsis non-race specific disease resistance gene (NDR1). Expression of this gene is induced by cucumber mosaic virus, spermine and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. The gene product is localized to the plasma membrane.
Encodes a member of the 14-3-3 gene family that is a lambda isoform (14-3-3λ). Interacts with APX3 (ascorbate peroxidase) and AKR2 , suggesting a role in mediating oxidative metabolism in stress response. This protein was shown to colocalize and interact with SERK1 by which it is phosphorylated. This protein is also reported to interact with the phosphorylated form of the BZR1 transcription factor involved in brassinosteroid signaling and may affect the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of BZR1.
Encodes PBS3 (avrPphB susceptible), also known as GDG1 (GH3-Like Defense Gene 1)， WIN3 (HopW1-1-Interacting 3). Involved in disease-resistance signaling pathway. Required for accumulation of salicylic acid, activation of defense responses and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Expression detected in cotyledons, true leaves, hypocotyls and occasionally in some parts of roots from 10-day-old seedlings. No expression was detected in root, stem, rosette or cauline leaves of mature 4- to 5-week-old plants.
Encodes a microRNA that targets both CSD and CytC oxidase family members. MicroRNAs are regulatory RNAs with a mature length of ~21-nucleotides that are processed from hairpin precursors by Dicer-like enzymes. MicroRNAs can negatively regulate gene expression by attenuating translation or by directing mRNA cleavage. Mature sequence: UGUGUUCUCAGGUCACCCCUG. Down-regulated by biotic and abiotic stress.
Encodes a microRNA that targets both CSD and CytC oxidase family members. MicroRNAs are regulatory RNAs with a mature length of ~21-nucleotides that are processed from hairpin precursors by Dicer-like enzymes. MicroRNAs can negatively regulate gene expression by attenuating translation or by directing mRNA cleavage.Mature sequence: UGUGUUCUCAGGUCACCCCUG. Down-regulated by biotic and abiotic stress.
Encodes a beta carbonic anhydrase likely to be localized in the cytoplasm. Expression of its mRNA is seen in etiolated seedlings and points to a possible nonphotosynthetic role for this isoform.
Encodes a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC: AT3G01280/VDAC1, AT5G67500/VDAC2, AT5G15090/VDAC3, AT5G57490/VDAC4, AT5G15090/VDAC5). VDACs are reported to be porin-type, beta-barrel diffusion pores. They are prominently localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane and are involved in metabolite exchange between the organelle and the cytosol.
Encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 that functions in photomorphogenic development. csa1 mutants display a constitutive shade-avoidance (CSA) phenotype (long stem) under high red:far-red rations (i.e. in the absence of a shade signal). csa1 mutation can be complemented by RPS4, a TIR-NBS-LRR protein that confers resistance against bacterium Pseudomonas syringae.
Encodes a protein with aspartic protease activity (also known as aspartate-type endopeptidase activity). Overexpression of the gene was shown to lead to salicylic acid (SA)-mediated disease resistance upon exposure to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Moreover, overexpression of this gene led to the upregulation of two pathogenesis-related genes PR1 and PR2. This upregulation was no longer observed in transgenic lines expressing the bacterial NahG gene encoding a hydroxylase suppressing SA accumulation.
Encodes SERRATED LEAVES AND EARLY FLOWERING (SEF), an Arabidopsis homolog of the yeast SWC6 protein, a conserved subunit of the SWR1/SRCAP complex. SEF loss-of-function mutants have a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by serrated leaves, frequent absence of inflorescence internodes, bushy aspect, and flowers with altered number and size of organs. sef plants flower earlier than wild-type plants both under inductive and non-inductive photoperiods. SEF, ARP6 and PIE1 might form a molecular complex in Arabidopsis related to the SWR1/SRCAP complex identified in other eukaryotes.
Component of plant resistance. Contains lipase signature motif and GDSL domain. Directly interferes with the fungal infection process by acting on fungal cell walls through its action as a antimicrobial compound. Critical component for both local and systemic resistance responses in the incompatible interaction with Alternaria brassicicola in the ethylene-dependent pathway.
Encodes an inositol tetra-/pentaphosphate 2-kinase, involved in the biosynthesis of phytic acid, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal antinutrient, and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
Encodes a cellulose synthase involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Confers resistance towards bacterial and fungal pathogens, independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonate signaling.
Phytochelatin synthase gene confers tolerance to cadmium ions. Catalyzes phytochelatin (PC) synthesis from glutathione (GSH) in the presence of Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+, but not by Co2+ or Ni2+.
Encodes TAO1 (Target of AvrB Operation), a TIR-NB-LRR protein that contributes to disease resistance induced by the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrB.
RPS4 belongs to the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-nucleotide binding site (NBS)-Leu-rich repeat (LRR) class of disease resistance (R ) genes. Confers specific resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato carrying the avirulence gene AvrRPS4. Produces alternative transcripts with truncated open reading frames.
Encodes a di- and tri-peptide transporter involved in responses to wounding, virulent bacterial pathogens, and high NaCl concentrations. The protein is predicted to have 12 transmembrane helicies.
Encodes a leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine protein kinase that is expressed ubiquitously. FLS2 is involved in MAP kinase signalling relay involved in innate immunity. Essential in the perception of flagellin, a potent elicitor of the defense response. FLS2 is directed for degradation by the bacterial ubiquitin ligase AvrPtoB.
Encodes a cytochrome b5 isoform that localizes to the ER. The C-terminal portion of the protein appears to be capable of inserting into a plant microsomal membrane in vitro and the protein appears to be subject to glycosylation.
Encodes a resistance signalling protein with two zinc binding (CHORD) domains that are highly conserved across eukaryotic phyla. Mutant has reduced RPS5 and RPM1 mediated resistance. Potentially involved in transduction of R gene mediated disease resistance. Required for R protein accumulation.
Encodes a cytosolic heat shock protein AtHSP90.1. AtHSP90.1 interacts with disease resistance signaling components SGT1b and RAR1 and is required for RPS2-mediated resistance.
Encodes a WRKY transcription factor WRKY27. Mutation in Arabidopsis WRKY27 results in delayed symptom development in response to the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum.
AtFAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase) modulates endogenous NAEs (N-Acylethanolamines) levels in plants by hydrolyzing NAEs to ethanolamine and their corresponding free fatty acids. NAE depletion likely participates in the regulation of plant growth.
Encodes a leaf-type ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase. It is present in both chloroplast stroma and thylakoid membranes but is more abundant in the thylakoid. The affinity of this enzyme for ferredoxin is slightly, but significantly, higher than AtLFNR2, an isoform of the same enzyme. AtLFNR1 forms a heterodimer with AtFNR2 and is also a prerequisite to attach AtFNR2 to the thylakoid membrane.
Encodes a protein which is an extrinsic subunit of photosystem II and which has been proposed to play a central role in stabilization of the catalytic manganese cluster. In Arabidopsis thaliana the PsbO proteins are encoded by two genes: psbO1 and psbO2. PsbO1 is the major isoform in the wild-type.
Encodes a member of the Nramp2 metal transporter family; like its homolog Atnramp3, localized in vacuolar membrane. Seedlings of double mutant, atnramp3-1 atnramp4-1, were arrested at early germination.
Encodes the ATPase alpha subunit, which is a subunit of ATP synthase and part of the CF1 portion which catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP using the proton motive force. This complex is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
ATP binding / nucleoside-triphosphatase/ nucleotide binding / protein binding / transmembrane receptor
F:transmembrane receptor activity, protein binding, nucleoside-triphosphatase activity, nucleotide binding, ATP binding;P:defense response to bacterium, N-terminal protein myristoylation, defense response;C:intrinsic to membrane;PMOBFAV
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
