Encodes an α-glucan, water dikinase required for starch degradation. Involved in cold-induced freezing tolerance. Mutations that eliminate the GWD protein or affect the dikinase domain of the enzyme dramatically reduce both the amount of phosphate in the amylopectin and the rate of starch degradation. Mature leaves of these mutants accumulate amounts of starch up to seven times greater than those in wild-type leaves. NMR analysis of the mutants, suggests that the gene is specifically involved in the phosphorylation of the glucosyl residues of starch at the C6 position.
Belongs to the dehydrin protein family, which contains highly conserved stretches of 7-17 residues that are repetitively scattered in their sequences, the K-, S-, Y- and lysine rich segments. Cold regulated gene, amino acid sequence homology with Group II LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins. Also responds to osmotic stress, ABA, dehydration and inhibits e.coli growth while overexpressed. COR47 and RAB18 double overexpressor plants are cold tolerant.
Encodes a gene induced by low temperature and dehydration. Inhibits e.coli growth while overexpressed. Belongs to the dehydrin protein family, which contains highly conserved stretches of 7-17 residues that are repetitively scattered in their sequences, the K-, S-, Y- and lysine rich segments. LTI29 and LTI30 double overexpressors confer cold tolerance. Localized to membranes and cytoplasm.
encodes a protein similar to the cold acclimation protein WCOR413 in wheat. Expression is induced by short-term cold-treatment, water deprivation, and abscisic acid treatment. Possibly targeted to thylakoid membrane.
Encodes a nuclear localized R2R3-type MYB transcription factor that is involved in responses to abiotic stress including cold acclimation,osmotic and salt stress.Mutants are sensitive to salt, freezing and osmotic stress.
encodes an alpha form of a protein similar to the cold acclimation protein WCOR413 in wheat. Expression is induced by short-term cold-treatment, water deprivation, and abscisic acid treatment.
Encodes a high affinity vacuolar calcium antiporter. The residue His 338 is critical to Ca2+ transport activity. Disruption of CAX1 reduces manganese and zinc of shoot tissue and results in a decrease in the activity of vacuolar V-type proton ATPase.
A cold-regulated gene whose product is targeted to the chloroplast and constitutive expression increases freezing tolerance in protoplasts in vitro and chloroplasts in vivo. NMR and x-ray diffraction studies suggest that COR15a alters the intrinsic curvature of the inner membrane of chloroplast envelope.
Belongs to the dehydrin protein family, which contains highly conserved stretches of 7-17 residues that are repetitively scattered in their sequences, the K-, S-, Y- and lysine rich segments. LTI29 and LTI30 double overexpressors confer freeze tolerance. Located in membranes. mRNA upregulated by water deprivation and abscisic acid.
Encodes a nuclear targeted protein that plays a role in the CBF pathway -downstream of CBF translation. Mutants have impaired cold responses, reduced levels of cold induced RNA transcripts, are sensitive to osmotic stress.
Transcriptional co-activator. Essential for the developmental switch from cell proliferation to cell differentiation in response to variations in auxin and cytokinin concentrations.
Encodes a member of the DREB subfamily A-1 of ERF/AP2 transcription factor family (CBF2). The protein contains one AP2 domain. There are six members in this subfamily, including CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3. This gene is involved in response to low temperature, abscisic acid, and circadian rhythm. Overexpressing this gene leads to increased freeze tolerance and induces the expression level of 85 cold-induced genes and reduces the expression level of 8 cold-repressed genes, which constitute the CBF2 regulon. Mutations in CBF2 increases the expression level of CBF1 and CBF3, suggesting that this gene may be involved in a negative regulatory or feedback circuit of the CBF pathway.
encodes a member of the DREB subfamily A-1 of ERF/AP2 transcription factor family (CBF3). The protein contains one AP2 domain. There are six members in this subfamily, including CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3. This gene is involved in response to low temperature and abscisic acid.
Transcriptional activator that binds to the DRE/CRT regulatory element and induces COR (cold-regulated) gene expression increasing plant freezing tolerance. It encodes a member of the DREB subfamily A-1 of ERF/AP2 transcription factor family (CBF1). The protein contains one AP2 domain. There are six members in this subfamily, including CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3. This gene is involved in response to low temperature and abscisic acid.
encodes a MAP kinase kinase 2 that regulates MPK6 and MPK4 in response to cold and salt stresses. Co-expression with MEKK1 in protoplasts activated MKK2 activity, suggesting that MEKK1 may be a regulator of MKK2.
cold and ABA inducible protein kin1, possibly functions as an anti-freeze protein. Transcript level of this gene is induced by cold, ABA, dehydration and osmoticum (mannitol). However, protein activity of GUS fused to the promoter of this gene is inhibited by cold treatment, suggesting an inhibition of the protein by increased transcript level.
Encodes a zinc finger protein involved in high light and cold acclimation. Overexpression of this putative transcription factor increases the expression level of 9 cold-responsive genes and represses the expression level of 15 cold-responsive genes, including CBF genes. Also, lines overexpressing this gene exhibits a small but reproducible increase in freeze tolerance. Because of the repression of the CBF genes by the overexpression of this gene, the authors speculate that this gene may be involved in negative regulatory circuit of the CBF pathway.
Belongs to the dehydrin protein family, which contains highly conserved stretches of 7-17 residues that are repetitively scattered in their sequences, the K-, S-, Y- and lysine rich segments. ABA- and drought-induced glycine-rice dehydrin protein. The ABA-induced expression of RAB18 was reduced following ACC application, indicating that ethylene inhibits the ABA signaling pathway. RAB18 is also expressed in response to the formation of the phospholipid diacylglycerol pyrophosphate. COR47 and RAB18 double overexpressor plants are cold tolerant. Expressed in guard cells.
Mutant leaves have a reduced capacity for cold acclimation, appear water-soaked, leak electrolytes, and accumulate reactive oxygen species constitutively. Encode a protein with high similarity to the 18-kD Fe-S subunit of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, EC 1.6.5.3) in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain.
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
