Encodes a chloroplast-localized hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (HMBPP) synthase (HDS), catalyzes the formation of HMBPP from 2-C-methyl-D-erythrytol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP). The HDS enzyme controls the penultimate steps of the biosynthesis of IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via the MEP pathway and may serve as a metabolic control point for SA-mediated disease resistance. In the light, the electrons required for the reaction catalyzed by HDS are directly provided by the electron flow from photosynthesis via ferredoxin. In the dark however, the enzyme requires an electron shuttle: ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase.
Encodes a protein with 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity. The enzyme was shown to act on a variety of carotenoid including β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and all-trans-violaxanthin. When those compounds are used as substrates, the major reaction product detected is a C14 dialdehyde: 4,9-dimethyldodeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaene-1,12-dial. The enzyme did not cleave as efficiently carotenoids containing 9-cis-double or allenic bonds.
Metalloprotease that functions in thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Involved in the repair of PSII following damaged incurred during photoinhibition. Forms a complex with VAR1. Mutants show a variegated phenotype, which decreases during development. Transcript and protein levels increase with light intensity.
Encodes a DegP protease; nuclear gene encoding chloroplast-targeted protease that can degrade two lumenal proteins, plastocyanin and OE33, suggesting a role as a general-purpose protease in the thylakoid lumen. Involved in the degradation of D1 protein of PS II, hence participating in the repair of PS II damages caused by photoinhibition.
Encodes phytoene desaturase (phytoene dehydrogenase), an enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation of phytoene to zeta-carotene during carotenoid biosynthesis. Processed protein is localized to the plastid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
: Transcription factor, 
: Binding protein, 
: Enzyme protein, 
: Other protein
: VF over 0.50, 
: over 0.25, 
